|
The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure
to Tobacco Smoke Key Points |
|
Highlights of the Surgeon General's press release:
Download the Executive Summary (434K pdf, from the Surgeon General’s web site.) Read portions of the Executive Summary (posted below for easy viewing.) Exerpts from the Executive
Summary This twenty-ninth report of the Surgeon General documents the serious and deadly health effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. Secondhand smoke is a major cause of disease, including lung cancer and coronary heart disease, in healthy nonsmokers. In 2005, it was estimated that exposure to secondhand smoke kills more than 3,000 adult nonsmokers from lung cancer, approximately 46,000 from coronary heart disease, and an estimated 430 newborns from sudden infant death syndrome. In addition, secondhand smoke causes other respiratory problems in nonsmokers such as coughing, phlegm, and reduced lung function. According to the CDC’s National Health Interview Survey in 2000, more than 80 percent of the respondents aged 18 years or older believe that secondhand smoke is harmful and nonsmokers should be protected in their workplaces. Components of chemical compounds in secondhand smoke, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tobacco-specific carcinogens, can be detected in body fluids of exposed nonsmokers. These exposures can be controlled. In 2005, CDC released the Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, which found that the median cotinine level (a metabolite of nicotine) in nonsmokers had decreased across the life stages: by 68 percent in children, 69 percent in adolescents, and 75 percent in adults, when samples collected between 1999 and 2002 were compared with samples collected a decade earlier. These dramatic declines are further evidence that smoking restrictions in public places and workplaces are helping to ensure a healthier life for all people in the United States. However, too many people continue to be exposed, especially children. The recent data indicate that median cotinine levels in children are more than twice those of adults, and non-Hispanic blacks have levels that are more than twice as high as those of Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. These disparities need to be better understood and addressed. Research reviewed in this report indicates that smoke-free policies are the most economic and effective approach for providing protection from exposure to secondhand smoke. But do they provide the greatest health impact. Separating smokers and nonsmokers in the same airspace is not effective, nor is air cleaning or a greater exchange of indoor with outdoor air. Additionally, having separately ventilated areas for smoking may not offer a satisfactory solution to reducing workplace exposures. Policies prohibiting smoking in the workplace have multiple benefits. Besides reducing exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke, these policies reduce tobacco use by smokers and change public attitudes about tobacco use from acceptable to unacceptable. Research indicates that the progressive restriction of smoking in the United States to protect nonsmokers has had the additional health impact of reducing active smoking. In November 2005, CDC’s Tobacco-Free Campus policy took full effect in all facilities owned by CDC in the Atlanta area. As the Director of the nation’s leading health promotion and disease prevention agency, I am proud to support this effort. With this commitment, CDC continues to protect the health and safety of all of its employees and serves as a role model for workplaces everywhere. Julie Louise Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H. (Source) Preface from the Surgeon General, Twenty years ago when Dr. C. Everett Koop released the Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, it was the first Surgeon General’s report to conclude that involuntary exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco smoke causes disease. The topic of involuntary exposure of nonsmokers to secondhand smoke was first considered in Surgeon General Jesse Steinfeld’s 1972 report, and by 1986, the causal linkage between inhaling secondhand smoke and the risk for lung cancer was clear. By then, there was also abundant evidence of adverse effects of smoking by parents on their children. Today, massive and conclusive scientific evidence documents adverse effects of involuntary smoking on children and adults, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases in adults, and adverse respiratory effects in both children and adults. This 2006 report of the Surgeon General updates the 1986 report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, and provides a detailed review of the epidemiologic evidence on the health effects of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. This new report also uses the revised standard language of causality that was applied in the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Smoking. Secondhand smoke is similar to the mainstream smoke inhaled by the smoker in that it is a complex mixture containing many chemicals (including formaldehyde, cyanide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nicotine), many of which are known carcinogens. Exposure to secondhand smoke causes excess deaths in the U.S. population from lung cancer and cardiac related illnesses. Fortunately, exposures of adults are declining as smoking becomes increasingly restricted in workplaces and public places. Unfortunately, children continue to be exposed in their homes by the smoking of their parents and other adults. This exposure leads to unnecessary cases of bronchitis, pneumonia and worsened asthma. Among children younger than 18 years of age, an estimated 22 percent are exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes, with estimates ranging from 11.7 percent in Utah to 34.2 percent in Kentucky. As this report documents, exposure to secondhand smoke remains an alarming public health hazard. Approximately 60 percent of nonsmokers in the United States have biologic evidence of exposure to secondhand smoke. Yet compared with data reviewed in the 1986 report, I am encouraged by the progress that has been made in reducing involuntary exposure in many workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. These changes are most likely the major contributing factors to the more than 75 percent reduction in serum cotinine levels that researchers have observed from 1988 to 1991. However, more than 126 million nonsmokers are still exposed. We now have substantial evidence on the efficacy of different approaches to control exposure to secondhand smoke. Restrictions on smoking can control exposures effectively, but technical approaches involving air cleaning or a greater exchange of indoor with outdoor air cannot. Consequently, nonsmokers need protection through the restriction of smoking in public places and workplaces and by a voluntary adherence to policies at home, particularly to eliminate exposures of children. Since the release of the 1986 Surgeon General’s report, the public’s attitude and social norms toward secondhand smoke exposure have changed significantly—a direct result of the growing body of scientific evidence on the health effects of exposure to secondhand smoke that is summarized in this report. Finally, clinicians should routinely ask about secondhand smoke exposure, particularly in susceptible groups or when a child has had an illness caused by secondhand smoke, such as pneumonia. Because of the high levels of exposure among young children, their exposure should be considered a significant pediatric issue. Additionally, exposure to secondhand smoke poses significant risks for people with lung and heart disease. The large body of evidence documenting that secondhand smoke exposures produce substantial and immediate effects on the cardiovascular system indicates that even brief exposures could pose significant acute risks to older adults or to others at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Those caring for relatives with heart disease should be advised not to smoke in the presence of the sick relative. An environment free of involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke should remain an important national priority in order to reach the Healthy People 2010 objectives. Richard Carmona, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.S. (Source) Major Conclusions This report returns to involuntary smoking, the topic of the 1986 Surgeon General's report. Since then, there have been many advances in the research on secondhand smoke, and substantial evidence has been reported over the ensuing 20 years. This report uses the revised language for causal conclusions that was implemented in the 2004 Surgeon General's report (USDHHS 2004). Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of the evidence, a quantitative synthesis of the evidence if appropriate, and a rigorous assessment of sources of bias that may affect interpretations of the findings. The reviews in this report reaffirm and strengthen the findings of the 1986 report. With regard to the involuntary exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco smoke, the scientific evidence now supports the following major conclusions:
(Source)
|
|
Web master TC Health Department Health Promotion Program Tompkins County Home Page T-Free: Tobacco Free Tompkins is funded by a NYSDOH grant to the Tompkins County Health Department (Page updated 2/24/09) |